To the guy who wanted to see humans with eyes on the side of their head

engineering

THE EIFEL TOWER GOES GREEN

This was one of the unique challenges that UGE International faced as the manufacturer of the turbines. “We worked very closely with the general contractor [Bateg, a subsidiary of Vinci Construction France] so that we could adhere to all the laws of the tower,” says Jan Gromadzke, UGE’s project engineer. That includes no welding, drilling, or using any lifting equipment on the tower.

SCIENCE ''What if the world lost oxygen for 5 seconds?''-Designericle Mendez Soronio Jr.

Oxygen may not be the main constituent of the Earth’s atmosphere, but its role in the survival of many forms of life elevates its significance. No one can live without sufficient quantity of food, water and oxygen. Of the three, oxygen is by far the most important and urgently needed. Have you ever imagined what if oxygen from the Earth was lost for 5 seconds?



Everyone at the beach would get sunburns. Ozone is molecular oxygen, and blocks the majority of UV light. Without it we are toast.

The day-time sky would get darker. With fewer particles in the atmosphere to scatter blue light, the sky would get a bit less blue and a bit more black.

Every internal combustion engine would stall. This means that every airplane taking off from a runway would likely crash to the ground, while planes in flight could glide for some time.
All pieces of untreated metal would instantly spot weld to each other. This is one of the more interesting side effects. The reason metals don't weld on contact is they are coated in a layer of oxidation. In vacuum conditions, metal welds without any intermediate liquid phase (Cold welding).

Everyone's inner ear would explode. As mentioned, we would lose about 21% of the air pressure in an instant (~ from sea level to 2000m elevation), so expect some serious hearing loss.

Every building made out of concrete would turn to dust. Oxygen is an important binder in concrete structures (really, the CO2 is), and without it the compounds do not hold their rigidity.

 

Every living cell would explode in a haze of hydrogen gas. Water is 88.8% oxygen; without it the hydrogen turns into gaseous state and expands in volume.Molecular weight of Water
The oceans would evaporate and bleed into space. As oxygen disappears from the oceans' water, the hydrogen component becomes an unbound free gas. Hydrogen gas, being the lightest, will rise to the upper troposphere and slowly bleed into space through Atmospheric escape.

Everything above ground would immediately go into free fall. As oxygen makes up about ~45% of the Earth's crust and mantle, there is suddenly a lot less "stuff" beneath your feet to hold everything up.

What would happen if the amount of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere was doubled instantly?

                                                                               Prepared by: Engi. Alfie Parojinog
This picture represent a my house plan 7 year from now and this unique vacation house plan has a unique layout with a spacious screened porch separating the optional section from the main part of the house.
This well designed plan provide many amenities that you would expect to find in a much large walk in closet.
This plan also feature a flex space which could to used as a fourth bedroom or an office the great room has gas logg as well as built in cabinets and 10 ceiling that make it a great place to relax and spend time with family and friend #Engineer Alfie # Plan house..

                                                                               Prepared by: Engi. Alfie Parojinog
This picture represent a my house plan 7 year from now and this unique vacation house plan has a unique layout with a spacious screened porch separating the optional section from the main part of the house.
This well designed plan provide many amenities that you would expect to find in a much large walk in closet.
This plan also feature a flex space which could to used as a fourth bedroom or an office the great room has gas logg as well as built in cabinets and 10 ceiling that make it a great place to relax and spend time with family and friend #Engineer Alfie # Plan house..

                                                   
                                                 

Drones

Drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, are air crafts that can be navigated without a human pilot riding. Drones can be navigated by the controlling it from the ground , using a controllers or also known as GPS tracking system. Through advance technology, dome of these drones are now equipped with cameras that allow the user to record and take pictures. As of today, Drones are very useful in many aspects of life. Here are some of its best uses:

Aerial Inspections

Companies and governments all over the world are getting in on the drone action. Drones, are perfectly suited for the purposes of aerial inspections. We’re talking about bridge and building safety inspections that both government engineers and private contractors are continually tasked to carry out.A lot of drone manufactures have created crafts for almost every expected situation of human life like for industrial inspections, aerial photography, agricultural assessments and research and terrain mapping.

Saving Lives

Drones are sure amazingly efficient at taking lives, just look at the examples in those military operations and rescue operations. Into more futuristic terms, if drone developing companies such as Zipline, Matternet and Flirtey can overcome such barriers with their technologies, where they could advance their technology more, then drones could help overcome delivery challenges, like virus outbreaks that have are attacking the humanity, it could help spread the vaccine, the vaccine world for decades.

Transportation

There should be no doubt that drones are the future. From their potential to do excellent and fast aerial inspection, surveillance, entertainment in the form of racing and some “transportation”. drones could transport medical supplies or any help to those who are stranded or in a emergency situation.

Drones are most likely here to stay with us. Drones is the face of the future,

Technology

Technology

The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques and is similar to other sides of the history of humanity. Technology can refer to methods ranging from as simple as language and stone tools to the complex genetic engineering and information technology that has emerged since the 1980s

"TECHNOLOGY'

What is Technology? 

Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia[3]) is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, etc. or it can be embedded in machines, computers, devices and factories, which can be operated by individuals without detailed knowledge of the workings of such things.

-Wikipedia 

Technology also is a helpful thing in us specially in our daily communication because it is our tool or weapon to express our selves more and to be more informative to other people as well. Technology may lead us to distraction specially in our studies but it also helps us more to widen our knowledge and vocabulary in life.

-Faith

In today's world where just about everything is more convenient and accessible due to the advances in technology across the world but let us balance what is the real help of having technology in us. 

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages?

As a student I can see/observe that there are Advantages and Disadvantages of using Technology.

One of the Advantages is that:

Technology help us in a way that simply checking the weather and stay updated on any situations that can affect us. 

Cell phones helps us to stay connected to our families and be updated in there daily activities and to be informed in any bad possibility that may happen. 

On making your school projects or assignments its more easy to get information in the internet. 

Busy parents are able to pay bills and bank online. 

There are many ways technology is helping us in our daily lives.. But wait, There are also Disadvantages that we forget to see and this are the following:

One of the disadvantage i observe is that the lost of art in conversation, because people always depend in the technology they may forget the beauty of talking to someone in personal because they always relay in the technology. 

The cyber bullying. Giving students access to anonymous accounts and endless contacts avenues can only lead to trouble specially in our world today. 

A major distraction. Though some student use the technology in a good way but there are also some of them are using it in a wrong way that lead to distractions to there studies. 

In using a technology always we also spent more money in buying a load or repairing our gadgets and paying billls to the internet connection. 

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The number one benefit of information technology is that it empowers people to do what they want to do. It lets people be creative. It lets people be productive. It lets people learn things they didn't think they could learn before, and so in a sense its all about potential :) 

Thank you for reading :) Godbless!

Made by: MARIELLE FAITH GUMIA

Technology

                  Technology gave us a beneficial to progress of human condition.It make's our life

        easier and faster.As what Daniel Bell said that"Technology,like art,is a soaring exercise of a

  human imagination."This is how technology important to my life and everybody's life. 

                                                                      BIOLOGY

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organism, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxanomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdiscipline. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis.

Sub-disciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of organisms studied, and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions among biological molecules; botany studies the biology of plants;cellular biology examines the basic building-block of all life, the cell shysiology examines the physical and chemical functions of tissues, organs, and organ system of an organism; evolutionary biology examines the processes that produced the diversity of life; and ecology examines how organisms interact in their environment.

Lynn White began his career as medieval historian focusing on the history of Latin monasticism in Sicily during the Norman Period but realized the coming conflict in Europe would interfere with his access to source materials. While at Princeton he read the works of Lefebvre des Noëttes, and Marc Bloch. This led to his first work in the history of technology, "Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages" in 1940.


Noettes was a retired French cavalry officer who made his hobby the history of horses. He wrote that the utilization of animals in antiquity was inefficient because the ancients were limited by the technologies of their period, specifically the lack of horseshoes and a bad harness design. White expanded Noettes’ conclusions into a thesis of his own that encompassed the relationship of the newly realized efficient horse and the agricultural revolution of the time.

WELCOME TO THE HUNGER GAMES.

We all have that friend who occasionally runs on a cool 700 calories a day for a week so they can ~lose weight fast~ or whatever.



And, OK, sometimes you are that friend.


That’s a crash diet. As in, it’s pretty much bound to crash and burn.



A crash diet is essentially a very restrictive meal plan that’s unsustainable for the long term, says Darcy Johannsen, Ph.D., R.D., assistant professor at Pennington Biomedical Research Center. It’s usually about severely restricting your calories — like cutting back to 1,000 or even as low as 500 calories per day. Or sometimes a crash diet is all about a juice cleanse or just eating one or two foods for a week. The length of time differs from diet to diet, but they always come with an end date.


Here’s the thing: Crash diets can actually wreak havoc on your body, not to mention your general disposition (because, hangry). Here are nine reasons you should probably never do them again:

1. Your metabolism slows WAY down, so you suck at burning calories.



“When you limit calories so dramatically, your body goes into starvation mode and your metabolic rate plummets,” says Johannsen. Your body isn’t sure when it’s going to get fed again, so it does everything it can to conserve energy. So not only are you burning fewer calories doing normal activities (like digesting, standing, walking), but you’re also just moving less because you have less energy.

2. And then you start to burn off muscle

“If you’re being very restrictive with calories, you’re not just burning your fat as fuel,” says Johannsen. “You’re going to burn lean tissue, as well,” which is mostly muscle. In the first few weeks of your crash diet (which is about all they last anyway), about half of the fuel you’re burning comes from fat stores, while the other half comes from lean tissue mass (i.e., your biceps).

3. You’re hungry ALL the time.









Maybe it’s because all you’ve eaten today is an apple, or maybe it’s because your levels of the hormone ghrelin go up substantially when you’re in starvation mode, explains Johannsen. This hormone revs up your appetite and makes you want to eat everything, so it’s basically a vicious cycle that you cannot win.

4. You become kind of a monster.



And not just because everyone is eating cheeseburgers while you’re eating lettuce and lemon juice. “When people go on crash diets, there are changes in the neural networks and brain activity that make you very cranky and irritable,” says Johannsen. This is also anecdotally confirmed by everyone around you.

5. Moving at all sounds like a chore.



Thanks to decreases in your thyroid hormone and epinephrine (the hormone and neurotransmitter better known as adrenaline), you’re physically and mentally exhausted. “You basically have to fight to be active,” says Johannsen.

6. Your sympathetic nervous system gets lazy.



This can make you feel colder all the time, slow down your heart rate, or produce a drop in blood pressure that could even cause you to pass out.

7. You miss out on major nutrients.


On most crash diets, it’s hard to ensure that you’re getting enough protein, fiber, amino acids, calcium, iron, vitamin B12, and all that other good stuff that your body needs on a daily basis. Without these, lots of things can suffer — like your bones, cognitive function, blood cells, and more, says Johannsen.

8. OK, sure, you’ll probably lose weight. BUT keeping it off is no guarantee.



“If you really adhere to this, you’re going to lose weight because your calorie expenditure is far exceeding your intake,” says Johannsen. But whether or not you’ll gain it right back is up for debate (except, yeah, you probably will). A lot of people overdo it after a strict diet and end up gaining everything back immediately, says Johannsen.


This could be related to your levels of the hormone leptin, which drop when you lose a lot of weight in a short period of time. And some research suggests that a larger decline in leptin levels is associated with regaining the weight back, says Johannsen.

9. And post-crash… no one’s totally sure what might happen.






Unfortunately, the research isn’t as clear when it comes to what happens after your crash diet, says Johannsen. For instance: Why do some people gain the weight back and others don’t? And what about your hormones and insulin sensitivity? Here’s what ~could~ happen, based on what research has been done so far:


Your metabolism might be all wonky.

This drops a lot during a crash, and there’s some data to suggest that this persists even after you go back to a normal diet, says Johannsen. That means you’d be eating more calories and still burning fewer, which would obviously lead to weight gain.


Your insulin sensitivity (and risk of diabetes) might be impacted.

The initial drop in weight might improve your insulin sensitivity temporarily, but researchers don’t know what effect repeated crash diets could have on it in the long run, says Johannsen.


Fat might come back faster than muscle does.

Remember how crash diets burn through your muscle tissue? Well, they might not bounce right back after the crash. “Your body’s first impetus is to rebuild the fat stores,” says Johannsen. So when you come off the crash diet, your body will want to store fat before it works on rebuilding your muscles. Because life isn’t fair.

Bottom line: Crash diets might be a quick fix, but they can also be awful, dangerous, and come with lasting negative health effects.


The whole basis of a crash diet is that it’s unsustainable, and that’s not what you should look for in any eating plan. Sure, you could lose weight quickly, and if you follow that up with healthier behaviors (like cutting back on sugar, eating less processed food, and working out more), the results might stick. (But honestly: How likely is that, actually?) That said, severely restricting your calories or eating only one food for any extended period of time can do some scary things to your body — and those effects might stick too.


“Metabolically, we’re probably doing more harm than good,” says Johannsen. “Even if a little bit of weight is lost during that time, it could have a lot of immediate health effects as well as longer-term consequences.

PLATE TECTONICS

Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere. The plates are around 100 km (62 mi) thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sima from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sial from silicon and aluminium).

3 TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary, also known as a destructive plate boundary (because of subduction), is an actively deforming region where two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere move toward one another and collide.

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergentplate boundary (also known as a constructive boundaryor an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.

TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY

A transform fault or transform boundary (also known as a conservative plate boundary, since these faults neither create nor destroy lithosphere), is a type of fault whose relative motion is predominantly horizontal, in either a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) direction.

Advantages and Disadvatages of Technology

In today's world, humans do things more convenient and have more access in the surroundings because of the advance technologies. Nevertheless, regardless of how far technology has taken humans and no matter how convenient it may make things, there are some disadvantages accompanying this level of access.






Advantage: Great Discoveries In All Industries and Cost Efficiency

Technology advances show people a more efficient way to do things, and these processes get results. In education, students are able to learn on a global scale without ever leaving their classrooms. In agricultural, thanks to advances in technology, which means cost-efficiency for farmers. In medical discoveries, credit to machines and computers that assist in the research process and allow for more intense educational research into medical matters. Cost efficiency is an advantage in some ways and a disadvantage in others. As technology advances on existing processes and platform new ways to accomplish tasks, machines are proficient to manufacture the same output than humans in assured industries. This results in cost savings for business owners, allowing them to invest in growth, which throws in on an affirmative level to the economy as a whole.


Disadvantage: Dependency and Less Value In Human Workers


The highly developed society becomes technologically, more people begin to depend on computers, cell phones and other forms of technology for everyday survival. This means that when a computer crashes or technology collapses, humans become almost immobilized until the trouble is resolved. This kind of dependency puts people at a discrete disadvantage, because they become less independent. On the other side, human workers hang on to less value, which is a disadvantage. Because machines automate processes and do the work of 10 people with one computer, companies find they don't need to employ as many people to get the job done.


As technology become even more advanced and efficient, this will continue to be a growing disadvantage of technology and an issue that has a global impact.

Hail the Hydra, an Animal That May Be Immortal

Did you know that the water animal Hydra never gets old and can live forever.When a Pomona
college biologist Daniel Martinez start to research and state that" I started my original experiment wanting to prove that hydra could not have escaped aging","My own data has proven me wrong- twice."

Hydra are known for their regenerative capabilities. Most of their body cells are stem cells, Martinez said. These cells are capable of continuous division and differentiation into any cell type in the body. In humans, such "totipotent" cells are present only in the first few days of embryonic development. Hydra, by contrast, constantly renew their bodies with fresh cells.

In 1998, Martinez and his colleagues published a study describing how they found no signs of aging in mature hydras over four years. To detect aging, researchers look at senescence, which is defined as an increased rate of death and a decline in fertility with greater age. In that 1998 study, researchers couldn't pin down whether or not hydra fertility declined with age.

The new research involved creating little islands of paradise for 2,256 hydras. The researchers wanted to give the animals ideal conditions, which meant giving each an individual dish, with the water changed thrice weekly, plus meals of fresh brine shrimp.

Over eight years, the researchers found no evidence of senescence in their coddled hydra. Death rates held constant at one per 167 hydras per year, no matter their age. (The "oldest" animals studied were clones of hydras that had been around for 41 years — though individuals were only studied for eight years, some were biologically older because they were genetic clones.) Likewise, fertility remained constant for 80 percent of the individual hydras over time. The other 20 percent fluctuated up and down, likely because of laboratory conditions.

"I do believe that an individual hydra can live forever under the right circumstances," Martinez said.

In the wild, disease, predators and water contamination kill off hydras before they can achieve immortality. But the findings fly in the face of old models that assumed that all animals must decline with age, Martinez said. And that means that studying hydra could help scientists unravel the mystery of why most animals do age.

"I’m hoping this work helps sparks another scientist to take a deeper look at immortality," Martinez said, "perhaps in some other organism that helps bring more light to the mysteries of aging.”



I chose this topic to post because I was amazed that this water animal hydra never gets old and can live forever. I learn that this water animal has the regenerative capabilities and hydra can reproduce themselves by making another small hydra. When hydras bud themselves, they're reproducing using mitosis. But hydras, like some single-celled eukaryotes, can also reproduce using meiosis. Ordinarily hydras are neither male nor female, but when they are going to reproduce this way, one hydra grows testes to make sperm cells and the other hydra grows ovaries to make egg cells. These sperm and egg cells can fuse to begin a new hydra. This has the advantage of giving the new baby hydra a different combination of DNA than either of its parents has, allowing hydras to evolve rapidly to respond to changes around them.

         Science Organism

Believe it or not, there's a microbial zoo living inside you, literally trillions of microscopic organisms―more than 10,000 different kinds of them―all co-existing with each other and you.

In fact they outnumber you ten to one and ninety percent of the genetic material, (DNA and RNA) in your body is not yours, it belongs to the bacteria that is located mostly in your gut, but some also live on your skin and even in your nose.

Exactly what those different life forms do has been the subject of some exciting research in recent years, and while a few of these organisms can sometimes wreak havoc with your system, the majority of these little "bugs" are good, helping you digest your food, stay protected from infections, and even keeping your immune system properly regulated to fend off autoimmune diseases like asthma, allergies, and diabetes.

The community of microbes living on and in your body is unique to you – like your fingerprints – and is now being regarded as a key contributor to your overall health.

OCEAN BASIN

Ocean Basin Formation

The Ocean Basins are formed from a series of processes beginning with a separation of two diverging plates where molten rock materials well up from the underlying mantle into the ridge or gap between the diverging plates,solidifying into an oceanic crust.In time, a new ocean floor is created.

 About 70% of the planet's surface is made up of ocean basins, which are the regions that are below sea level. These areas hold the majority of the planet's water. In fact, it will help you to recall this term if you remember that a 'basin' is a large bowl, much like your kitchen sink. So, an ocean basin can be thought of as a large bowl that holds ocean water. The floors of our world's oceans contain features that you might recognize as being similar to some structures on land.

 Harry Hammond Hess and Robert Sinclair Dietz Concluded from this evolution of ocean basins that the Atlantic and Arctic basins are expanding, as exhibited by the spreading of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.At the same time, they also speculated that the Pacific basin is shrinking,  as exhibited by the southern movement of the East Pacific Rise (Northwestern Boundaryof the Pacific Plate). In effect, the ocean basins are ceaselessly "recycled"






  In this study of Ocean Basin i learned how our oceans are formed.From The Process of two Diverging plates createing gaps where hot molten rock, called magma and When the magma seeps through the gaps, it solidifies as it cools, creating a new layer of ocean crust.

The Primordial Soup Theory

 

The origin of life is a scientific problem which is not yet solved until these days. A lot of theories were presented to know where life really began. In general terms, it is suggested that all life today started by common descent from a single primitive life form. One of the most known theories of the origin of life is the Primordial Soup Theory.

The idea came came from Russian scientist Alexander Oparin and English geneticist John Haldane. Oparin and Haldane thought that with the mix of gases in the atmosphere and the energy from lightning strikes, amino acids could spontaneously form in the oceans.

The Primordial Soup Theory suggest that 3 billion years ago, life began in a ocean as a result of the combination of chemicals from the atmosphere and from the space and resulted into the formation of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, which would then evolve into the first species on Earth., the bacteria, named Cyanobacteria.

"TYPES OF ROCKS"

Igneous Rock-Rocks formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten materials. Igneous rocks can form beneath the Earth's surface, or at its surface, as lava.

Sedimentary Rock-Rock that has formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice (glaciers), and wind. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in layers, and frequently contain fossils.

Metamorphic Rock-Rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, or some other agent without passing through a liquid phase.

I understand that the Igneous,Sedimentary,and the Metamorphic rock are different to each other.Because Igneous rock is seen in the volcanic activity, and the sedimentary are seen in the beaches etc.,and the last is Metamorphic Rock, the metamorphic rock is seen in our surrounding.That's why I realize that they are difference to each other.And there is a similarities.The similarities are they both types of Rock...

Seafloor Spreading

Seafloor Spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity  and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. Basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new sea floor. Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be founded nearer to the spreading zone.

Primordial Soup

 I learned about primordial soup that life came from inorganic to organic matter.

Windows

What is Windows?, How does Windows help us? well in this topic will tell you why Windows is very important to our computers?

Some of you don't know what is Windows?Well Windows is simply just an OS or Operating System. Founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen It is the software that support's a computer's basic function, such as executing applications and controlling peripherals. so in short Operating system enables your computer or device to do it's functions. There are many Operating System created in past years like; Windows, Apple, Mac, Unix-Linux but the commonly used operating system is Windows and why?.

Windows wonderful Features:

• Easier wireless connection process
• Better VPN features
• Better remote control or assistance
•  Printers follows your choices   

This features makes laptop or computers easier that's why it is most commonly used suggested operating system because of it's great features and it's practicality, without those great indviduals like the IT programmers, game programmers and computer engineers we would have no computer's today that makes our live easier and flawless and without those Operating system we would have no online or offline games today like Dota, LOL and all other games that entertain us.

Because of the great ideas of those two IT specialist Windows has been made and Windows improved our computer system with those great features and this make's our technology today improved.

CONICS

CONICS

 

 

 

Conic sections 

are the curves which can be derived from taking slices of a "double-napped" cone. (A double-napped cone, in regular English, is two cones "nose to nose", with the one cone balanced perfectly on the other.) "Section" here is used in a sense similar to that in medicine or science, where a sample (from a biopsy, for instance) is frozen or suffused with a hardening resin, and then extremely thin slices ("sections") are shaved off for viewing under a microscope. If you think of the double-napped cones as being hollow, the curves we refer to as conic sections are what results when you section the cones at various angles.There are plenty of sites and books with pictures illustrating how to obtain the various curves through sectioning, so I won't bore you with more pictures here. And there are books and entire web sites devoted to the history of conics, the derivation and proofs of their formulas, and their various applications. I will not attempt to reproduce that information here.

This lesson, and the conic-specific lessons to which this page links, will instead concentrate on: finding curves, given points and other details; finding points and other details, given curves; and setting up and solving conics equations to solve typical word problems.

There are some basic terms that you should know for this topic:

• center: the point (h, k) at the center of a circle, an ellipse, or an hyperbola.

• vertex (VUR-teks): in the case of a parabola, the point (h, k) at the "end" of a parabola; in the case of an ellipse, an end of the major axis; in the case of an hyperbola, the turning point of a branch of an hyperbola; the plural form is "vertices" (VUR-tuh-seez).

• focus (FOH-kuss): a point from which distances are measured in forming a conic; a point at which these distance-lines converge, or "focus"; the plural form is "foci" (FOH-siy).

• directrix (dih-RECK-triks): a line from which distances are measured in forming a conic; the plural form is "directrices" (dih-RECK-trih-seez).

• axis (AK-siss): a line perpendicular to the directrix passing through the vertex of a parabola; also called the "axis of symmetry"; the plural form is "axes" (ACK-seez).

• major axis: a line segment perpendicular to the directrix of an ellipse and passing through the foci; the line segment terminates on the ellipse at either end; also called the "principal axis of symmetry"; the half of the major axis between the center and the vertex is the semi-major axis.

• minor axis: a line segment perpendicular to and bisecting the major axis of an ellipse; the segment terminates on the ellipse at either end; the half of the minor axis between the center and the ellipse is the semi-minor axis.

• locus (LOH-kuss): a set of points satisfying some condition or set of conditions; each of the conics is a locus of points that obeys some sort of rule or rules; the plural form is "loci" (LOH-siy).
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•                                                                                                        PREPARED BY: LEVY BANTAYAN